Chinese: 吳爾軒的後設猜想
English: Narvis the Cloud's Metahypotheses
Japanese: ナルビスのメタ予想
Latin: Narvis Nubes Metahypotheses

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2018-02-18

法律的幾種表達方式
Several Kinds of Legal expressions



法律有幾種表達方式：
  1. 正面概括。
  2. 正面列舉。
  3. 正面限制。
  4. 正面但書。
  5. 正面排除。
  6. 負面概括。
  7. 負面列舉。
  8. 負面限制。
  9. 負面但書。
  10. 負面排除。
 There are several kinds of legal expressions:
  1. positive generalization;
  2. positive enumeration;
  3. positive restriction;
  4. positive exception;
  5. positive exclusion;
  6. negative generalization;
  7. negative enumeration;
  8. negative restriction;
  9. negative exception; and
  10. negative exclusion.
民眾正因為不熟悉法律的表達方式，就被法律文字遊戲玩弄。 People are often tricked by legal word games, since they are unfamiliar with these legal expressions.
正面概括例如：
「誰都可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，男人和女人都可以參加。		 A positive generalization is like:
"Everyone can join this party."
In this case, men and women are both allowed.
正面列舉例如：
「女人可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，女人可以參加，並無疑義，但並沒有說男人就不可以參加。到底男人可不可以參加，就要再確認。		 A positive enumeration is like:
"Women can join this party."
In this case, women are allowed without doubt, but it does not explicitly forbid the men's admission, which is to be further checked.
正面限制例如：
「只有女人可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，女人可以，而男人不可以參加。		 A positive restriction is like:
"Only women can join this party."
In this case, women are allowed, while men are not allowed.
正面但書例如：
「誰都可以參加此派對。但男人不在此限。」
這種情況，女人可以，而男人不可以參加。		 A positive exception is like:
"Everyone can join this party, except for men."
In this case, women are allowed, while men are not allowed.
正面排除例如：
「除了女人之外，誰都可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，女人不可以，而男人可以參加。		 A negative exclusion is like:
"Everyone other than women can join this party."
In this case, women are not allowed, while men are allowed.
負面概括例如：
「誰都不可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，男人和女人都不可以參加。		 A negative generalization is like:
"No one can join this party."
In this case, neither men nor women are allowed.
負面列舉例如：
「女人不可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，女人不可以參加，並無疑義，但並沒有說男人就可以參加。到底男人可不可以參加，就要再確認。		 A negative enumeration is like:
"Women cannot join this party."
In this case, women are not allowed without doubt, but it does not explicitly forbid men's admission, which is to be further checked.
負面限制例如：
「只有女人不可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，女人不可以，而男人可以參加。		 A negative restriction is like:
"Only women cannot join this party."
In this case, women are not allowed, while men are allowed.
負面但書例如：
「誰都不可以參加此派對。但男人不在此限。」
這種情況，女人不可以，而男人可以參加。		 A negative exception is like:
"No one can join this party, except for men."
In this case, women are not allowed, while men are allowed.
負面排除例如：
「除了女人之外，誰都不可以參加此派對。」
這種情況，女人可以，而男人不可以參加。		 A negative exclusion is like:
"No one other than women can join this party."
In this case, women are allowed, while men are not allowed.
作者： 於
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