法律的幾種表達方式 Several Kinds of Legal expressions

法律有幾種表達方式： 正面概括。 正面列舉。 正面限制。 正面但書。 正面排除。 負面概括。 負面列舉。 負面限制。 負面但書。 負面排除。	There are several kinds of legal expressions: positive generalization; positive enumeration; positive restriction; positive exception; positive exclusion; negative generalization; negative enumeration; negative restriction; negative exception; and negative exclusion.
民眾正因為不熟悉法律的表達方式，就被法律文字遊戲玩弄。	People are often tricked by legal word games, since they are unfamiliar with these legal expressions.
正面概括例如： 「誰都可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，男人和女人都可以參加。	A positive generalization is like: "Everyone can join this party." In this case, men and women are both allowed.
正面列舉例如： 「女人可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，女人可以參加，並無疑義，但並沒有說男人就不可以參加。到底男人可不可以參加，就要再確認。	A positive enumeration is like: "Women can join this party." In this case, women are allowed without doubt, but it does not explicitly forbid the men's admission, which is to be further checked.
正面限制例如： 「只有女人可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，女人可以，而男人不可以參加。	A positive restriction is like: "Only women can join this party." In this case, women are allowed, while men are not allowed.
正面但書例如： 「誰都可以參加此派對。但男人不在此限。」 這種情況，女人可以，而男人不可以參加。	A positive exception is like: "Everyone can join this party, except for men." In this case, women are allowed, while men are not allowed.
正面排除例如： 「除了女人之外，誰都可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，女人不可以，而男人可以參加。	A negative exclusion is like: "Everyone other than women can join this party." In this case, women are not allowed, while men are allowed.
負面概括例如： 「誰都不可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，男人和女人都不可以參加。	A negative generalization is like: "No one can join this party." In this case, neither men nor women are allowed.
負面列舉例如： 「女人不可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，女人不可以參加，並無疑義，但並沒有說男人就可以參加。到底男人可不可以參加，就要再確認。	A negative enumeration is like: "Women cannot join this party." In this case, women are not allowed without doubt, but it does not explicitly forbid men's admission, which is to be further checked.
負面限制例如： 「只有女人不可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，女人不可以，而男人可以參加。	A negative restriction is like: "Only women cannot join this party." In this case, women are not allowed, while men are allowed.
負面但書例如： 「誰都不可以參加此派對。但男人不在此限。」 這種情況，女人不可以，而男人可以參加。	A negative exception is like: "No one can join this party, except for men." In this case, women are not allowed, while men are allowed.
負面排除例如： 「除了女人之外，誰都不可以參加此派對。」 這種情況，女人可以，而男人不可以參加。	A negative exclusion is like: "No one other than women can join this party." In this case, women are allowed, while men are not allowed.

笑點 Laughter Threshold

笑點低的人可以讓自己和說笑話的人都快樂，營造雙贏。	A person having a low laughter threshold can easily make himself and the joker happy, creating a win-win situation.
笑點高的人則無此社會效益。	While, a person having a high laughter threshold cannot provide such social benefit.
無論如何，最差勁的，是將危險或傷害當作笑點者。	However, the worst one is a joke of danger or harm.

口供 Confession

人的記憶是極不可靠的。	Human memory is extremely unreliable.
一個人連昨天吃過什麼、喝過什麼都記不清楚了，更遙遠的記憶就更不用說了。	A person can remember clearly neither what he ate nor what he drank yesterday. His distant memories can be even unclear.
一群人的相同記憶還是不可靠的，因為人們經常產生人云亦云的集體幻覺。	The same memory of a group of people is still unreliable, because people are often infected with a collective illusion to follow the herd.
因此，以記憶為基礎的口供也是不可靠的，用來作為定罪的根據，實在太危險了。	Therefore, a confession based on memory is also unreliable. It is too dangerous to obtain a conviction according to such an unreliable thing.
我認為，口供的用處就是引導物證的發現，只有物證的特徵與口供的敘述一致，罪證才臻於明確。	In my opinion, a confession shall be only used to guide the discovery of a material evidence. A crime is proved only when the features of a material evidence meet with the content of the confession.
只要缺少物證，被告就應該無罪釋放。	Without a material evidence, the defendant shall be acquitted.